The Conjunction

একাদশ- দ্বাদশ শ্রেণি - English English Grammar & Composition | - | NCTB BOOK
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Conjunction

একাধিক sentences, clauses, phrases অথবা words সংযোগকারী শব্দকে Conjunction বলে । অর্থ ও পরিস্থিতিভেদে বিভিন্ন Conjunctions বিভিন্নভাবে ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Example: as,since,while,and,but,although,Othrewise,or,neverthlessunless,in case,as soon as,becouse,as if,so that etc.

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Coordinating Conjunctions

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Coordinating Conjunction

যে সব conjunction দুই বা ততোধিক সমশ্রেণীর (of equal rank) clause-কে যুক্ত করে তাদেরকে বলে coordinating conjunction.

যেমন :

He studied hard and passed the exam.

Study hard or you will fail in the exam.

উপরের বাক্য দু'টিতে and এবং or হল coordinating conjunction. কারণ এরা দু'টি সমশ্রেণীর clause কে যুক্ত করেছে।
 

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Correlative Conjunctions

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Correlative Conjunctions 

কতগুলো Conjunctions আছে যাদের দুটি অংশ থাকে, যার একটি অংশ অপরটির সাথে মিলে একটি যৌগিক Conjunction গঠন করে। এদেরকে Correlative Conjunction বলা হয় অর্থাৎ এদের প্রথম অংশ দ্বিতীয় অংশের সাথে সম্পৃক্ত ।

For example:

such.......…..that, both....…..and, no sooner.......than, either............or, the same........as  the same.....that, scarcely... ..when , hardly....before/when, neither..........nor, whether.........or not, not only.......but also etc.

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Subordinating Conjunctions

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Subordinating Conjunction

আমরা coordinating conjunction সম্বন্ধে জেনেছিলাম যে সেগুলো দুই বা ততোধিক স্বাধীন clause কে যুক্ত করে। Subordinating conjunction কিন্তু তা করে না। Subordinating conjunction এমন সব clause-কে যুক্ত করে যাদের একটির উপর অপরটি নির্ভরশীল; একটির সাহায্য ছাড়া অন্যটি তার নিজস্ব অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে পারে না। তাহলে বোঝাই যাচ্ছে যে clause গুলোর মধ্যে একটি হবে স্বাধীন বা independent এবং অপরটি (বা অপরগুলো) হবে ঐ স্বাধীনটির উপর নির্ভরশীল। 

We study hard so that we can pass the exam.

We had reached the station before the train left.

We waited in the street until he came.

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Compound Conjunction

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A compound conjunction is a phrase used to connect two words or phrases together within a sentence.

Examples are: so that, provided that, as well as, as soon as, as long as, such that, in order that etc.

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Adverbial Conjunction

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Conjunctive adverb:

যে adverb দুইটি বাকাংশের মধ্যে সংযোগ স্থাপন করে, কিন্তু তার পূর্ববর্তী শব্দের সাথে কোন সম্পর্ক  বা  relation সৃষ্টি করে না, তাকেত  conjunctive adverb বলে। Where, when, why, how, while প্রভৃতি শব্দগুলি conjunctive adverb.

Example:

  • I know where he lives. [এই বাক্যে ‘know’ এবং ’where’-এর মধ্যে কোন সম্পর্ক নাই বা ’where’ শব্দটি ‘know’-এর সাথে কোন সম্পর্ক সৃষ্টি করে নাই]।
  • You may go where you like. [এই বাক্যে ‘go’ এবং ’where’-এর মধ্যে কোন সম্পর্ক নাই বা ’where’ শব্দটি ‘go’-এর সাথে কোন সম্পর্ক সৃষ্টি করে নাই]।
  • I know why he did it. [এই বাক্যে ‘know’ এবং ’why’-এর মধ্যে কোন সম্পর্ক নাই বা ’why’ শব্দটি ‘know’-এর সাথে কোন সম্পর্ক সৃষ্টি করে নাই]।
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      uri
      GET admission/{slug}
      middleware
      web, throttle:global
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      App\Http\Controllers\Academy\SubjectController@chapter
      namespace
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      26 statements were executed (4 duplicates)Show only duplicates14.77ms
      • SubjectService.php#43satt_satt_mobile_app600μsupdate `subjects` set `view_count` = `view_count` + 1, `subjects`.`updated_at` = '2025-04-07 04:47:20' where `id` = 15003
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        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:43
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • QueryBuilder.php#38satt_satt_mobile_app180μsselect `_lft`, `_rgt` from `subjects` where `id` = 15003 limit 1
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        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:38
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        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app250μsselect `id`, `name`, `parent_id`, `_lft`, `_rgt`, `show_content`, `num_of_mcq`, `num_of_written`, `des_added_by`, `des_updated_by`, `author_name`, `link_subject_id`, `sub_category_id`, `main_category_id`, `slug`, `meta_og_title`, `meta_keyword`, `meta_description`, `vote`, `view_count`, `icon`, `page_type`, `chapter_name` from `subjects` where (`subjects`.`_lft` between 14020 and 14031) and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null
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        • 0: 14020
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        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app210μsselect `id`, `description`, `short_description`, `subject_id` from `subject_descriptions` where `subject_descriptions`.`subject_id` in (15003, 15099, 15100, 15101, 15102, 15103) and `subject_descriptions`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app140μsselect `id`, `name`, `slug` from `sub_categories` where `sub_categories`.`id` in (4878) and `sub_categories`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app310μsselect `id`, `user_id`, `completeable_type`, `completeable_id`, `complete_progress`, `is_complete` from `completes` where `completes`.`completeable_id` in (15003, 15099, 15100, 15101, 15102, 15103) and `completes`.`completeable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Subject'
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        • 0: App\Models\Subject
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        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app180μsselect `id`, `name`, `parent_id`, `_lft`, `_rgt`, `show_content`, `des_added_by`, `des_updated_by`, `author_name`, `link_subject_id` from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (551, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579) and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app170μsselect `id`, `description`, `short_description`, `subject_id` from `subject_descriptions` where `subject_descriptions`.`subject_id` in (551, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579) and `subject_descriptions`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app160μsselect `id`, `name`, `avatar` from `users` where `users`.`id` in (30549) and `users`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app100μsselect `id`, `name`, `avatar` from `users` where `users`.`id` in (30549) and `users`.`deleted_at` is null
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        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app640μsselect * from (select `questions`.`id`, `questions`.`subject_id`, `questions`.`category_id`, `questions`.`sub_category_id`, `questions`.`board_exam_id`, `questions`.`passage_id`, `questions`.`question_type`, `questions`.`question`, `questions`.`is_duplicate`, `questions`.`status`, `questions`.`image`, `subjectables`.`subject_id` as `pivot_subject_id`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` as `pivot_subjectable_id`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` as `pivot_subjectable_type`, row_number() over (partition by `subjectables`.`subject_id` order by `questions`.`created_at` desc) as `laravel_row` from `questions` inner join `subjectables` on `questions`.`id` = `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` where `subjectables`.`subject_id` in (15003, 15099, 15100, 15101, 15102, 15103) and `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Question' and `questions`.`status` = 'active' and `questions`.`deleted_at` is null) as `laravel_table` where `laravel_row` <= 5 order by `laravel_row`
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        • 0: App\Models\Question
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        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app260μsselect `id`, `question_id`, `option_1`, `option_2`, `option_3`, `option_4`, `option_5`, `image_option`, `image_question`, `answer` from `question_options` where `question_options`.`question_id` in (131467, 217504, 241639, 253843, 254085) and `question_options`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app110μsselect `id`, `name`, `slug` from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (73) and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app260μsselect `subjects`.`id`, `subjects`.`name`, `subjects`.`slug`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` as `pivot_subjectable_id`, `subjectables`.`subject_id` as `pivot_subject_id`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` as `pivot_subjectable_type`, `subjectables`.`created_user_id` as `pivot_created_user_id`, `subjectables`.`deleted_at` as `pivot_deleted_at`, `subjectables`.`status` as `pivot_status`, `subjectables`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `subjectables`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `subjects` inner join `subjectables` on `subjects`.`id` = `subjectables`.`subject_id` where `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` in (131467, 217504, 241639, 253843, 254085) and `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Question' and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
        • 0: App\Models\Question
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • QueryBuilder.php#305satt_satt_mobile_app150μsselect `id`, `title`, `passage` from `passages` where `passages`.`id` in (0) and `passages`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:285
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • SubjectRepository.php#122satt_satt_mobile_app190μsselect * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` = 15003 and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
        Bindings
        • 0: 15003
        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:122
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:121
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:60
      • SubjectRepository.php#125satt_satt_mobile_app8.01msselect `id`, `name`, `slug`, `parent_id`, `_lft`, `_rgt` from `subjects` where (14031 between `subjects`.`_lft` and `subjects`.`_rgt` and `subjects`.`id` <> 15003) and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null order by `_lft` asc
        Bindings
        • 0: 14031
        • 1: 15003
        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:125
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:121
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:60
      • SubjectRepository.php#137satt_satt_mobile_app190μsselect * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` = 15003 and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
        Bindings
        • 0: 15003
        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:137
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:136
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:61
      • SubjectRepository.php#140satt_satt_mobile_app140μsselect `id`, `name`, `parent_id`, `_lft`, `_rgt`, `slug`, `meta_og_title`, `meta_keyword`, `meta_description` from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` = 14971 and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
        Bindings
        • 0: 14971
        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:140
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:136
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:61
      • SubjectRepository.php#140satt_satt_mobile_app110μsselect `id`, `description`, `subject_id` from `subject_descriptions` where `subject_descriptions`.`subject_id` in (14971) and `subject_descriptions`.`deleted_at` is null
        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:140
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:136
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:61
      • QueryBuilder.php#38satt_satt_mobile_app110μsselect `_lft`, `_rgt` from `subjects` where `id` = 73 limit 1
        Bindings
        • 0: 73
        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:38
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:60
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:235
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:227
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
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        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:293
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
      • SubjectRepository.php#325satt_satt_mobile_app340μsselect * from `mediables` where `mediable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Subject' and `mediable_id` in (15003, 15099, 15100, 15101, 15102, 15103)
        Bindings
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        • 1: 15003
        • 2: 15099
        • 3: 15100
        • 4: 15101
        • 5: 15102
        • 6: 15103
        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:325
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:76
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:44
      • SubjectRepository.php#340satt_satt_mobile_app260μsselect `videos`.`video_src_url`, `mediables`.`mediable_id` as `chapter_id` from `videos` inner join `mediables` on `mediables`.`mediable_id` = `videos`.`id` where `videos`.`id` = 0 and `videos`.`video_src` = 'youtube' and `videos`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
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        • 1: youtube
        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:340
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:77
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:44
      • SubjectService.php#82satt_satt_mobile_app240μsselect `id`, `name`, `main_category_id`, `slug` from `subjects` where `id` <> 15003 and `parent_id` = 14971 and `main_category_id` = 3 and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null limit 5
        Bindings
        • 0: 15003
        • 1: 14971
        • 2: 3
        Backtrace
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:82
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:44
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:266
      • restrict.blade.php#30satt_satt_mobile_app290μsselect * from `package_plans` where `status` = 'active' and `package_plans`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
        • 0: active
        Backtrace
        • view::includes.restrict:30
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:75
      App\Models\Subject
      633Subject.php#?
      App\Models\SubjectDescription
      13SubjectDescription.php#?
      App\Models\Question
      5Question.php#?
      App\Models\QuestionOption
      5QuestionOption.php#?
      App\Models\PackagePlan
      3PackagePlan.php#?
      App\Models\User
      2User.php#?
      App\Models\SubCategory
      1SubCategory.php#?
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          #12025-04-07 04:47:20GET/admission/the-conjunction-2618112026662